Recent advancements in cancer immunotherapy have provided new hope for patients, yet challenges remain in improving treatment efficacy. For instance, the objective response rate (ORR) of PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients is approximately 30%-45%, with a complete response (CR) rate below 5%. This indicates that only a subset of patients benefit from these therapies, and long-term efficacy remains uncertain. Emerging research suggests that the gut microbiome plays a crucial role in modulating immune responses, with specific microbial compositions shown to enhance T-cell function and improve immunotherapy outcomes.
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